IsraelJude
Iouda Epistole
Anonymous (traditionally attributed to Judas, "brother of James," identified with a brother of Jesus; authorship is disputed) · c. AD 90-110; must predate 2 Peter, which reuses and expands most of its content · place of composition unknown (Israel) · letters
This short, sharply worded letter warns against false teachers using vivid destruction imagery and directly quotes 1 Enoch by name as authentic prophecy, an unusually explicit citation of a non-canonical apocalypse that later shaped debate over Jude's own canonical standing.
Descends from
- 1 Enoch · a composite text assembled from sections composed c. 3rd century BC to the turn of the era; the latest section, the Similitudes (chs 37-71), may run as late as the 1st century AD and is conspicuously absent from Qumran
Fed into
- 2 Peter · c. AD 100-150; widely regarded as the latest-written text in the New Testament
Commentary
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